Painting или sculpting сочинение 10-15 !

Выбери что то из этого materials and techniquespainters use a number of materials to produce the effects they need. these include the materials of the surface, or ground; the pigments employed; the binder, or medium, in which the color is mixed; and its diluting agent. among the various media used by artists are fresco , watercolor , oil, distemper, gouache, tempera , and encaustic . in addition to these, painting properly embraces many other techniques ordinarily associated with drawing , a term that is often used to refer to the linear aspects of the same art. if painting and drawing are not always clearly distinguishable from each other, both are to be distinguished from the print (or work of graphic art), in which the design is not produced directly but is transferred from another surface to that which it decorates. while the print may be one of many identical works, the painting or drawing is always unique. painting has been freely combined with many other arts, including sculpture, architecture, and, in the modern era, photography.historyin ancient greece and medieval europe most buildings and sculptures were painted; nearly all of the ancient decoration has been lost, but some works from egypt have preserved their coloring and give us an insight into the importance such an art can assume. the art of painting in china was linked from the 1st cent. ad with the development of the buddhist faith. early christian and then byzantine artists established iconographic and stylistic prototypes in wall painting and manuscript illumination that remained the basis for christian art (see iconography ).highly spiritualized in concept, the medieval painting tradition gave way to a more worldly orientation with the development of renaissance art. the murals of giotto became a vehicle for the expression of new and living ideas and sentiments. at the height of the renaissance a large proportion of the works were decorations of walls and altarpieces, which were necessarily conceived in terms of their part in a larger decorative whole and their appeal for a large public. the greatest masterpieces of raphael and michelangelo and of the florentine masters are generally public works of this character. the same period also saw the rise of the separate easel painting and the first use of oil on canvas. simultaneously are found the beginnings of genre and other secular themes and the elaboration of portraiture .basing their art on the technical contributions of the renaissance, e.g., the study of perspective and anatomy, the baroque masters added a virtuosity of execution and a style of unparalleled drama. from the age of the rococo, painting tended in the direction of greater intimacy. it is noteworthy, for example, that many of the masterpieces of the 19th cent., and particularly of impressionism , are small easel paintings suitable for the private home. the same period saw the rise of the large public gallery with both temporary and permanent exhibitions, an institution greatly expanded in the 20th cent. a reawakened interest in mural painting and the contributions of painting to such arts as the motion picture and video have led some to believe that a return to a greater emphasis on the public functions of the art is taking place. such a view can find support in the notable influence of abstract painting in the fields of industrial and architectural design. this art also continues to enjoy undiminished popularity in the home and gallery. painting has had a long and glorious world history as an independent art. from giotto to picasso and from ma yuan to hokusai , painting has never ceased to produce great exponents who have expressed not merely the taste but the aspirations, the concepts of space, form, and color, and the philosophy of their respective periods.

Hobbies - Past and Present

During the twentieth century, more and more people found that they had leisure time - time when they didn't have to work or study.

This raised an interesting question. What do you do when you are free to do anything you like? Many people took up a hobby, and it's interesting to compare the hobbies people, particularly young people, choose today with the hobbies people chose, say, fifty or sixty years ago.

Stamp collecting is one of the first things that come to many people's minds when they think about hobbies. Organising your collection seems like the perfect way to relax for a few hours. It seems that people have been collecting valuable things since ancient times. 1

When stamps appeared in the nineteenth century, they were cheap and colourful and children started to keep them. By the middle of the twentieth century, collecting stamps was a popular pastime for both children and adults, with some stamps worth a large amount of money - far more than most children could afford.

There are still many people today who collect stamps, but technology has had an impact. Emails can be sent instantly and freely around the world, which means that people aren't buying stamps like they used to. 2

Rare stamps are still in demand, and probably always will be, but fifty years ago the number of collectors was higher. It seems that stamp collecting as a hobby of millions of young people has had its day.

Another hobby that has changed because of technology is building models. In the 1950s and 60s, generations of young boys and girls built plastic models of planes, boats and cars. 3

Young people are still making and showing off these models, but the nature of them has changed. in the past, they were simply made of wood or plastic, with few moving parts, Modem models have all kinds of electronic and computerised parts, in some cases making them more like robots than traditional models!

Of course, we can't ignore computers when it comes to free time. Computers have had a huge impact on leisure since they were invented in the middle of the twentieth century. 4

Gradually, however, the computer has become a part of almost every home, where it provides entertainment and a whole set of new hobbies that people fifty years ago would have thought were very weird. Today's teenagers use their computers for playing computer games, running websites, communicating with friends around the world - all hobbies that were impossible until quite recently.

Computers have changed hobbies in other ways too. These days, no matter what hobby you're interested in, you will almost certainly find a huge amount of information on it on the internet. 5

Today's teenagers are instantly in touch with online clubs and social networking sites that tell them all they need to know. People have produced websites on almost every hobby you can think of. You can get advice from experts and easily buy equipment to take your hobby to the next level. Taking up a new hobby, or developing one you already have, has never been easier or more fun. Some hobbies, though, haven't changed much. Many young people fill their free time with activities that their parents and grandparents enjoyed. 6

Fishing is as popular as it ever was. Young people with good balance do gymnastics. Teenagers play sports and games like they always have done. A teenager from the past might be confused by a video arcade or a CD player, but many things haven't  changed, and perhaps never will. Ask your parents what they did with their leisure time and you might be surprised at some of the differences, but also at some of the similarities.

0 A Hobbies seem to have become less important as time has passed.

5 B Young people in the past had to rely on people they knew, or perhaps the local library, to learn about their hobby.

3 C They proudly put these on display in their bedrooms, or wherever else their parents would let them.

1 D However, most people in the past were too busy and too poor to buy expensive works of art or coins.

4 E At first, they were seen as strange machines used by big businesses

2 F That in turn means that fewer children are becoming interested in the hobby.

6 G For instance, people still go dancing, even if the rhythm of the music has changed.​

One day, Fred's family was sitting at a family dinner. Mom served fish and potatoes on the table. Fred and his sister ate quickly. The boy really liked it. He quickly finished everything, smacking his lips. When Fred's plate was empty, he saw a portion of Dad who did not notice anything while talking to Mom. Fred put his father's potatoes on his plate without being noticed. Only my sister found out the loss with a laugh. And when the last piece of potatoes disappeared in Fred's mouth, dad wanted to try the food, but he looked at his plate in surprise. Only Fred and his sisters drove to lunch laughing

Перевод:

Однажды, семья Фреда сидела за семейным обедом. Мама подала на стол рыбу с картофелем. Фред и его сестра быстро принялись за еду. Мальчику очень понравилось. Он быстро доел все чмокая губами. Когда тарелка Фреда опустела, он увидел порцию папы который ничего не замечал, разговаривая с мамой. Фред переложил картофель отца к себе на тарелку оставаясь не замеченным. Только сестра посмеиваясь обнаружила пропажу. И вот когда во рту Фреда исчезал последний кусочек картофеля, папа захотел попробовать еду, но удивлённо смотрел на свою тарелку. Только Фред и его сестра хохоча доедали свой обед.