Переведите the challenge of lord john maynard keynes 1. smith's version of the economic system as a naturally self-organizing and self-adjusting "social mechanism"– known latterly as classical or neoclassical economic doctrine (or sometimes, more shortly and perhaps satirically, as orthodox or conventional wisdom) – was never confirmed by factual evidence, as newton's laws of motion were; all the same, classical doctrine dominated economic thinking and national economic policy in all advanced economies for the next 150 years, and it plays a prominent role in many countries to this day. 2. whether right or wrong, classical theory was first seriously challenged by the great english statesman and economist lord john maynard keynes, who claimed to see in the great depression of the 1930s evidence that the economic system was not self-adjusting, and whose followers argued that without continued government intervention the economic system would typically operate at levels of activity substantially lower than required to achieve full employment of labor and other resources. exactly what keynes said, or what he meant, or what he really meant, has been hotly disputed among economists for more than 50 years, conveying to many noneconomists the notion that economists as a group are uniquely quarrelsome and doubtfully competent. there is no merit in this notion. what is true, as the great english economist joan robinson once observed, is that "in a subject where there is no agreed procedure for knocking out error, doctrine has long life." 3. perhaps time and further study will some day reveal whether the classical or the keynesian conception of economic life accords more closely with experience. meanwhile, the great worry is that, in the absence of professional competence to make valid diagnoses, we will treat cases of economic toothache as cases of lockjaw and kill our patient: or, no less seriously, we will leave apparently minor economic lumps untreated and so, through inaction, fail to cure problems that turn out to be terminal.