London is the capital of great britain and one of the oldest british cities. when julius caesar came to britain in the year 55 в. c, he found a small settlement on the bank of the thames. as years passed by, this small settlement grew into a large town and in 1066 became the capital of the country. modern london is a very large city. it is one of the largest cities in the world and a large industrial, cultural, scientific, educational and art centre. the historical centre of the capital is the city of london. it is the business centre of london. the royal exchange, the bank of england, most of london's other banks and offices are situated there, and in the daytime it is a very busy part of the capital. in the evening and night hours, however, the city is almost empty, because the offices and banks are closed, and very few people live in the city. the west end is the richest and most beautiful part of london. it is a district of rich shops, fine houses and palaces, gardens and parks, theatres, concert halls and restaurants. the east end is the industrial part of london, the district of factories and docks. london is famous for its architecture. st. paul's cathedral, westminster abbey, the houses of parliament with big ben, the tower of london and the tower bridge over the thames have a worldwide fame. there are many other places of interest in london, such as the british museum, trafalgar square with the nelson column, the national gallery, piccadilly circus, hyde park, buckingham palace and many others.

Лондон -- столица Великобритании и один из старейших британских городов.

Когда в 55 году до н.э. Юлий Цезарь пришёл в Британию,то обнаружил маленькое поселение на берегу Темзы. Время шло и маленькое поселение выросло в большой город,который в 1066 году стал столицей страны.

Современный Лондон -- это очень большой город. Это один из крупнейших городов мира,большой промышленный,культурный,научный,образовательный и творческих центр.

Исторический центр столицы -- Сити. Это бизнес-центр Лондона. Здесь расположены Королевская биржа,Банк Англии,а также большинство других банков и офисов; в дневное время это очень загруженная часть столицы. Однако вечером и в ночные часы Сити почти пуст,поскольку офисы и банки закрыты,а в Сити живёт очень небольшое количество людей.

Вест-Энд -- богатейшая и прекраснейшая часть Лондона. Это район богатых магазинов,прекрасных домов и дворцов,садов и парков,театров,концертных залов и ресторанов.

Ист-Энд -- промышленная часть города,район фабрик и причалов.

Лондон знаменит своей архитектурой. Собор Святого Павла,Вестминтерское аббатство,Вестминтерский дворец с Биг-Беном,Тауэр и Тауэрский мост через Темзу имеют мировую славу.

В Лондоне много других интересных мест,таких,как Британский музей,Трафальгарская площадь с Колонной Нельсона,Лондонская национальная галерея,площадь Пикадилли,Гайд-Парк,Букингемский дворец и многие другие.

The kremlin the kremlin is the symbol of first russian and later soviet power and authority. its crenellated red brick walls and 20 towers were built at the end of the 15th century, when a host of italian builders arrived in moscow at the invitation of ivan iii the great. of the most important towers, the saviour (spasskaya) tower leading to red square was built in 1491 by pietro solario, who designed most of the main towers; its belfry was added in 1624-25. the chimes of its clock are broadcast by radio as a time signal to the whole nation. also on the red square front is the st. nicholas (nikolskaya) tower, built originally in 1491 and rebuilt in 1806. the two other principal gate towers--the trinity (troitskaya) tower, with a bridge and outer barbican (the kutafya tower), and the borovitskaya tower--lie on the western wall. within the kremlin walls is one of the most striking and beautiful architectural ensembles in the world: a combination of churches and palaces, which are open to the public and are among the city's most popular tourist attractions, and the highest offices of the state, which are surrounded by strict security. around the central cathedral square (sobornaya ploshchad) are grouped three magnificent cathedrals, superb examples of russian church architecture at its height in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. these and the other churches in the kremlin ceased functioning as places of worship after the revolution and are now museums. the white stone cathedral of the assumption (uspensky sobor) is the oldest, built in 1475-79 in the italianate-byzantine style. its pure, simple, and beautifully proportioned lines and elegant arches are crowned by five golden domes. the orthodox metropolitans and patriarchs of the 14th to the 18th century are buried there. across the square is the cathedral of the annunciation (blagoveshchensky sobor), built in 1484-89 by craftsmen from pskov; though burned in 1547, it was rebuilt in 1562-64. its cluster of chapels is topped by golden roofs and domes. inside are a number of early 15th-century icons attributed to theophanes the greek and to andrey rublyov, considered by many to be the greatest of all russian icon painters. the third cathedral, the archangel (arkhangelsky), was rebuilt in 1505-08; in it are buried the princes of moscow and tsars of russia (except boris godunov) up to the founding of st. petersburg.  just off the square stands the splendid, soaring white bell tower of ivan the great; built in the 16th century and damaged in 1812, it was restored a few years later. at its foot is the enormous tsar bell (tsar-kolokol), cast in 1733-35 but never rung. nearby is the tsar cannon (tsar-pushka), cast in 1586. beside the gun are located the mid-17th-century cathedral of the twelve apostles (sobor dvenadtsati apostolov) and the adjoining patriarchal palace.  on the west of cathedral square is a group of palaces of various periods; the palace of facets (granovitaya called from the exterior finish of faceted, white stone squares--was built in 1487-91. behind it is the terem palace of 1635-36, which incorporates several older churches, including the resurrection of lazarus (voskreseniye lazarya), dating from 1393. both became part of the kremlin great palace, built as a royal residence in 1838-49 and formerly used for sessions of the supreme soviet of the u.s.s.r.; its long, yellow-washed facade dominates the riverfront. it is connected to the armoury palace (oruzheynaya palata), built in 1844-51 and now the armoury museum, housing a large collection of treasures of the tsars. along the northeast wall of the kremlin are the arsenal (1702-36), the former senate building (1776-88), and the school for red commanders (1932-34). the only other soviet-period building within the kremlin is the palace of congresses (1960-61), with a vast auditorium used for political gatherings and as a theatre.

1. the poincaré conjecture.

in 2002, the russian mathematician grigori perelman proved the poincaré conjecture. this is a very serious discovery in mathematics. it was one of the seven tasks of the millennium. for this work, he received the prestigious fields medal, an analogue of the nobel prize in mathematics.

2. quantum clock.

quantum clocks are the most accurate chronometer in the world, surpassing all previously existing ones. nobel laureates of 2012 serge arosh and david wineland made a discovery that allowed to overcome the quantum barrier.

3. the discovery of eris.

the eris is the second after the massive pluto massive dwarf planet of the solar system. it was the discovery of eris from pluto that ceased to be the ninth planet, and passed into the category of "dwarf".

4. created the first synthetic bacterial cell.

in 2010, scientists from the craig venter institute created the first fully synthetic chromosome with the genome. when it was embedded in a bacterial cell devoid of genetic material, it began to function and divide according to the laws prescribed by the new genome.

5. higgs boson.

this was experimental evidence of the existence of the higgs boson. the practical significance of the discovery of the higgs boson is that scientists are opening up prospects for the development of anti-gravity and the development of engines that do not require energy to operate.