Нужно кратко пересказать текст на \ scientific research requires substantial funding, especially when it involves the use of expensive equipment. this funding often comes directly from governments. in the u.s., for example, it is the federal government that sponsors most national defense and space exploration projects. funding for science can also come from science foundations. in 1950, the u.s. congress passed an act that established the national science foundation¹. this independent federal agency develops a national science policy and supports scientific research and education. two other well- known foundations that are involved in disease research are the american cancer society² and the national heart association. research is also conducted and supported by private-sector industries that employ scientists — especially from the applied sciences — who work at the development of industrial or commercial processes and products. scientific research is also supported by universities through professorships. most professors do not just give classes but also conduct scientific research. indeed, what many professors are looking for is the opportunity to work at a university where they can continue their own research. these are the professors whose students have the chance to observe real research at firsthand. most universities specialize in certain fields and they are frequently judged on the achievements of their research professors. scientists whose research findings are published and talked about in scientific circles bring prestige to the institution where they work. laypeople often think of r& d (research and development) scientists as solitary figures working in a laboratory on some abstract problem. though this may be true for a handful of scientists working on basic research, the vast majority work on r& d projects in teams. these project teams include not only scientists from various disciplines but also representatives from diverse functional groups within a company, for example, marketing, manufacturing, and human resources. formerly, r& d projects were passed from one group of specialists to another in serial fashion. the term “throwing it over the wall” was often used to describe this way of working, in which each stage of the process was isolated from the others. research evidence showed that this method was neither efficient nor cost-effective because it was very time- consuming. companies now bring together representatives from each stage of the process and, in this way, they try to achieve more cross-functional communication and participation. the goal is to coordinate processes better and to identify and avoid problems that otherwise might only be covered later. in order to work effectively in cross-functional project teams, scientists must have up-to-date knowledge of their technical fields and also skills in communication, problem-solving, and group decision-making — all necessary for successful teamwork. as a result, universities are now giving more importance to the development of these skills, and companies are looking for ways to foster these attributes in training programs for their employees.