Steve's story Steve has been telling his story for half an hour already. Would you like to listen to him? That's what he is saying: «Many forms and rules of parliamentary procedure date back to the beginning of the sixteenth century. People outside Great Britain believe that if they elect the man to sit in the Parliament he has a seat there. But the House of Commons has seats for only about two thirds of its members. Thus on great occasions when the House is full, members have to sit in the gangways. Only four members of the House of Commons have reserved seats: the Speaker, the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition and the member who is in the Parliament for the longest unbroken period. Ministers sit on the front bench, but have no right to any particular seat there. The Queen usually opens the new session of Parliament. When she takes her seat on the throne she sends the official of the House of Lords, called Black Rod, 1 to call the Commons. When he arrives at the door of the House of Commons they bang it in his face to show their independence. After this they follow Black Rod into the chamber of the House of Lords, where they stand while the Queen reads her speech. During the election of the Speaker, when he is going to his great chair at one end of the House, he struggles and pretends that he doesn't wish to accept the honour. This comes from the days when men were afraid to become the Speaker. It was because the sovereign and the House of Commons often quarrelled and the Speaker's duty of acting as go-between was both difficult and dangerous. Nowadays the Speaker no longer takes part in debates as other members do. He presides over the debates and decides which member is to speak at any particular moment. Often several wish to speak and they stand up and try «to catch the Speaker's eye», as they call it. The Speaker doesn't take part in the debates, and he doesn't vote at the end of them. But if the Government and the Opposition gain an equal number of votes, then the Speaker has the casting vote. 1. Who has reserved seats in the Parliament? 2. Have the ministers right for reserved seats? 3. Who opens the session of the Parliament? 4. Where does the Queen send Black Rod? 5. Do the members of the House of Commons follow Black Rod? 6. Why were the men afraid to become Speaker? 7. What is the business of the Speaker nowa days? 8. Why do the members stand up and try «to catch the Speaker's eye»?
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I usually smoke a cigarettes or any pipe. My father smokes some cigars. 2. Are there any matches in that box? 3. Is there any bookshop in this street? I want to buy some books. 4. A watchmaker repairssome watches and any clocks. 5. There are some sofa and any clairs in this room. 6. Did you buy some boots or any shoes? 7. Andrew is a engineer. 8. Mr.Ivanov is a architect; his two brothers are some artists. 9. There are a newspapers and some magazines on the table. 10. Which would you like: a apple or orange? 11. Which would you like:some apples or any oranges? 12. Is there a letter for me? 13. Are there any letters for me? 14. What a strange man! 15. What is some interesting books!
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An educated person is one who knows a lot about many things. He always tries to learn, find out, and discover more about the world around him. He gets knowledge at school, from books, magazines, from TV educational programs. The result of the educative process is the capacity for Further education.
Russians have always shown a great concern for education. The right to education is stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It is ensured by compulsory secondary schools, vocational schools, and higher education establishments. It is also ensured by the development of extramural and evening courses and the system of state scholarships and grants.
Education in Russia is compulsory up to the 9th form inclusive. The stages of compulsory schooling in Russia are: primary education for ages 6-7 to 9-10 inclusive; secondary education including intermediate school for ages 10-11 to 12-13 inclusive, and senior school for ages 13-14 to 14-15 inclusive, If a pupil of a secondary school wishes to go on in higher education, he or she must stay at school for two more years. Primary and secondary school together comprise 11 years of study. Every school has a "core curriculum" of academic subjects, such as Russian, Literature, Mathematics, History, a foreign language and others. Lyceums and gymnasiums offer programs giving a profound knowledge in some fields of study.
After finishing the 9th form one can go on to a vocational school which offers programmes of academic subjects and a programme of training in a technical field, or a profession.
After finishing the 11th form of a secondary school, a lyceum or a gymnasium one can go on in higher education. All applicants must take competitive examinations. Higher education institutions, that is, institutes or universities, offer a 5-year programme of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields, as well as a postgraduate course. If one finishes a postgraduate course and writes a thesis, he or she receives a candidate's degree or a doctoral degree.
All secondary schools, institutes and universities until recently have been funded by the state, now there is quite a number of private fee-paying primary and secondary schools; some universities have fee-paying departments.