1. The history of taming 5. The evolution of bison 2. Comparing the two species 6. Born to be wild 3. A beautiful place to be saved 7. Safer than before, but not enough 4. Reasons to domesticate cows 8. Failed attempts to protect A. It is likely that the modern European bison arose from the steppe bison. Recent research says it appeared as a result of an interbreeding event between the steppe bison and the ancestor of modern cows around 120, 000 years ago. At one point, some steppe bison crossbred with the ancestors of the modern yak. After that, a population of steppe bison crossed the Bering Land Bridge to North America. Then the steppe bison spread through the northern parts of North America, where it lived until around 8, 000 years ago. B. The Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve is one of the smallest in Russia. It covers an area of 4, 960 hectares on the terraces of the Oka River valley. This is a unique area with its natural diversity of pine and mixed forests, small rivers, streams and marshes. Here you can observe the life of animals and birds in their natural habitat. The symbol of the reserve is a bison. This is a wild forest bull, which was recently on the verge of extinction. Bison youngsters grown up to two years in the reserve are sent to replenish free-living populations. C. Though the American and European bisons are close relatives, it is easy to spot clear differences in their behaviour and build. Adult European bisons are slimmer in build and have longer legs. European bisons tend to graze less and walk around more than their American relatives. This difference in behaviour is reflected in their build. The American bison’s head hangs lower than the European’s does. American bisons are more easily tamed than their European cousins are. They also breed with domestic cattle more readily. D. American bisons are known for living on the Great Plains. Bisons were hunted close to extinction during the 19th and 20th centuries, but have since rebounded. The European bison owes its survival, in part, to the Chernobyl disaster. Ironically, the Chernobyl Zone has become a kind of wildlife preserve, though poaching has become a threat in recent years. The American Plains bison is no longer listed as endangered, but this does not mean the species is safe. Their fragmented herds call for active conservation measures. 10 Открытый вариант 2 E. In the middle of the 19th century people started realising how important the buffalo was. Reasons for that included not only animal cruelty, but also ecological and future resources. Someone needed to speak out, and over the years they did, but never enough at one time to count. The real extermination of the buffalo was caused by the demands of trade, aided by hunters and Indians. However, the blame really lies with the government, which in all those years permitted a few ignorant Congressmen to block the laws protecting these animals. F. There have been several attempts to tame the buffalo, but there are a few things that stand in the way. The buffalo is very aggressive by nature; it can run up to 40 mph and can jump vertically in the air almost their entire height. Imagine trying to teach an angry, prancing sedan to stay still and respect you. All that said, there have been instances of domestic buffalo. This is possible if they are raised from calves to be only with humans. Even then, they seem to be loyal and friendly with a small set of humans, not all humans. G. At about the same time they domesticated plants, people in Mesopotamia began to domesticate animals for meat, milk, and hides. Hides were used for clothing, storing things and for building tent shelters. Goats were probably the first animals to be domesticated, followed closely by sheep. Later, people began domesticating larger animals, such as oxen or horses, for ploughing and transportation. These are known as beasts of burden. The easiest animals to domesticate are herbivores that graze on grass, because they are the easiest to feed.

Writing Comprehension. I. Give Ukrainian equivalent of the words.

1. fair

2. sensitive

3. polite

4. a destruction

5. species

6. to stretch

7. urban

8. habitat

9. vegetation

II. Match the words (1-9) with their definitions (a-i).

1. a personality

2. unique

3. attractiveness

4. the environment

5. shortage

6. natural resources

7. to clear smth away

8. a wildlife

9. to predict

a) animals and plants growing in natural conditions

b) lack of smth., poorness

c) to make free of rubbish

d) pleasant to look at

e) the complex of factors act on an ecological community and people

f) to say that something will happen before it happens

g) mineral deposits and waterpower supplied by nature

h) the distinctive character of a person that makes him or her socially attractive

i) the only one of its kind; very remarkable or unusual

III. A. Choose the correct item to complete the sentences: which or where, that or what.

B. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form and voice.

A

1. That/What they told us about came as a surprise to us all.

2. Everything that/what they had promised to me was done.

3. The research centre which/where different species of plants and animals are studied is not far from here.

4. Is this the place which/where we’re supposed to have a discussion about?

B

5. This wonderful waterfall ……. (to admire) by holidaymakers.

6. What species of animals …….. (to include) into the Red Book now?

7. A new brochure about this Nature Reserve …….. (to publish) today.

8. More and more buildings ……. (to build) on the agricultural land.

IV. Choose one task:

· Write your autobiography (the main dates). (10-12 sentences)

· Make a short report about the environment issues in Ukraine. (10-12 sentences)

Объяснение:

ответ:

я не

Объяснение:

Many people believe that governments should spend as much money as possible on developing or buying computer technologies, while others think that governments should spend money on more basic needs. While both spending on computer technologies and on basic needs of the society are important, I think that government should concentrate on the latter. Computer technologies are not very good investments from the point of view of society as a whole, while investments in essentials have a much higher rate of return.

Investment in areas related to computer software, networks and hardware are not very profitable and will not improve life of ordinary citizens. Several years ago many people believed that by investing in computer-related fields we can improve performance across the board, but the reality has not been what we have thought about. Most of Internet companies and dot-coms went bankrupt. Although huge money was poured into those companies, many of them cannot stay in business anymore. The promise of improved performance has never come true.

Even in the United States, the most powerful and prosperous country in the world, there are still more than 20 million people who live below the poverty line. More than third of the earth population live on less than one dollar a day -the official threshold of poverty declared by United Nations. We can greatly improve the life of those people by investing in public education, organizing loan agencies or other projects that can help to alleviate poverty. What is more, computers can actually make this problem worse, because with the application of computer technology, more and more people are losing their jobs - thus making most of the world"s uneducated population obsolete and without means to sustain themselves.

Analysts expect that in several decades more than third of the population on the Earth will not have access to clean water. This can result in famine, deteriorate public health and other disasters. Some argue that we might have wars for the access to clean water. To prevent this scenario we need to invest a large amount of money in projects that will help to save clean water on our planet.

In conclusion I want to say, that investments in computers will not solve a single problem of our society. Computers will not prevent famines, which are so usual today, or help poor people. On the contrary, computers can make poor blue-collar workers out of work and money to support their families. So governments around the world should spend all available money on basic necessities of our society, not on some dream projects.

Computer games are one of the most popular entertainments among the youth. There are thousands of them: strategies, simulations, adventure, role-playing, action etc. Video games have very good graphics, which makes the experience of playing more impressive. Nowadays companies develop new technology of virtual reality. This technology require additional equipment, such as glasses, which widen your field of view up to 360 degrees. Add to it headphones and you will immerse in game completely. A lot of people think, that video games make children more violent. I totally disagree with it, because games help us to get rid of agression. Another disadvantage of playing video games is that youngsters become addicted to them. Of course, any kind of addiction is bad, but I don't think that it is okay to play when you have free time and want to relax.