Ex.1 Answer the questions to the text: 1. What do we study state systems for? 2. Are state systems the same in different countries? 3. Can the state system of a particular country undergo changes? 4. What types of state systems do you know? STATE AND POLITICAL SYSTEM OF RUSSIA The Russian Federation was established by the Constitution of 1993. Under the Constitution Russia is a democratic federative law-governed state with a republican form of government. The Russian Federation consists of 83 constituent entities (republics, regions, and territories, cities of federal significance, the autonomous regions and one autonomous area, which have equal rights The authorities of the constituent entities have the right to pass laws independently of the federal government. The laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation may not contradict federal laws. In case of conflicts between federal and local authorities, the President uses consensual procedures to resolve the problem. In the event a consensus is not reached, the dispute is transferred to the appropriate court for its resolution. The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state. He is the Supreme Commander-in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The President organizes and heads the Security Council of Russia, signs treaties, enforces the law. The President appoints ministers, who are subject to approval by the Federal Assembly. He nominates judges to the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, and the Procurator-General of the Russian Federation. The President has the right to introduce the state of emergency within the Russian Federation. He announces pre-term elections. He has the right to suspend the acts of executive bodies of the Russian Federation members, if they contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws or the international obligations of the Russian Federation. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of its separation into legislative, executive and judicial branches. Each of them is balanced by the President. The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly (the Parliament). It consists of two chambers: the Federation Council (the upper chamber) and the State Duma (the lower chamber). The two chambers of the Federal Assembly possess different powers and responsibilities, the State Duma being the more powerful. The Federation Council includes two representatives from each constituent entity of the Russian Federation, one from the representative and one from the executive bodies of the subject of the Federation. The State Duma consists of 450 deputies and is elected for a term of 4 years. In December 2008 the term was extended to 5 years. Each chamber elects a chairman (the Speaker) to control the internal procedures of the chamber. The Federal Assembly is a permanently functioning body. The Federation Council and the State Duma sit separately. Their sessions are open (public). Each of the Houses forms committees and commissions and holds hearings on the appropriate issues. Bills may be initiated by each chamber. But to become a law a bill must be approved by both chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill. The executive power is exercised by the Government which consists of the Chairman of the Government (the Prime Minister), deputy chairmen and federal ministers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President with the consent of the State Duma. Should the selected candidate be rejected three times, the President appoints the Prime Minister himself, dissolves the State Duma and announces new elections. The Prime Minister proposes to the President his candidates for the offices of federal ministers. The Government presents a draft budget to be discussed by the State Duma and provides its implementation as well as realization of financial, credit and monetary policies. It carries out measures to ensure legality, rights and freedoms of citizens, protects property, public order and combats crimes.
Ответы
1. Will you join me for lunch, won't you? I'm afraid, I can't. I will be able to go only in an hour. I will go alone, then I'm very hungry. I've had breakfast at half past six today. 2. Are you hungry? Really? Would you like some soup? No, I'm not hungry. I am just thirsty. Could you give me some tea?
3. What are you going to do on Saturday? We would like to go to the restaurant. We will be glad if you join us as well.
4. Ann said she had the tickets for a new film and asked if I would like to join her. She didn't want to go alone and her girl-friend couldn't go, as she was feeling bad.
5. Take some ice-cream for dessert. Their ice-cream is always very good (tasty) (They always have very good ice-cream)
6. Here is some salt. It seems to me that potatoes are not salty enough.
7. Let him say, after all, when he will have enough time to visit us.
8. Он говорит, что когда закончит статью, он придет к нам и все расскажет. He says when he finishes the article he will come to us and tell everything.
9. We can use this hall as a dining-room; it is large enough.
10. Is your tea strong enough? Yes, thank you. I don't like very strong tea.
11. It is only 6 o'clock. We have another half an hour to smoke, don't we?
12. Could you give me a cigarette? Unfortunately, I don't have any.
3. What are you going to do on Saturday? We would like to go to the restaurant. We will be glad if you join us as well.
4. Ann said she had the tickets for a new film and asked if I would like to join her. She didn't want to go alone and her girl-friend couldn't go, as she was feeling bad.
5. Take some ice-cream for dessert. Their ice-cream is always very good (tasty) (They always have very good ice-cream)
6. Here is some salt. It seems to me that potatoes are not salty enough.
7. Let him say, after all, when he will have enough time to visit us.
8. Он говорит, что когда закончит статью, он придет к нам и все расскажет. He says when he finishes the article he will come to us and tell everything.
9. We can use this hall as a dining-room; it is large enough.
10. Is your tea strong enough? Yes, thank you. I don't like very strong tea.
11. It is only 6 o'clock. We have another half an hour to smoke, don't we?
12. Could you give me a cigarette? Unfortunately, I don't have any.
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Тула впервые упоминается в Никоновской летописи XVI века. Упоминая военные действия 1146 года в рассказе о том, как новгород-северский князь от воинственных братьев, скрылся в лесах вятичей и затем с оставшейся ратью ходил собирать дань с Тулы и других городов Никон говорит так: «Святослав Ольгович, идее в Рязань, и быв во Мценске и в Туле, и в Дубке, на Дону, и в Ельце, и в Пронске, и придя в Рязань на Оку». Из этого можно сделать вывод, что к моменту первого упоминания город уже существовал, однако установить хотя бы приблизительную дату основания города невозможно. Вполне вероятно, что возникновение поселения относится к XI—XII векам.
Впрочем, некоторые историки, основываясь на том, что это упоминание является вставкой в текст, сделанной позднейшими летописцами XVI века, не признают достоверным такое свидетельство. Но и они не отрицают существования какого-то поселения на "старом городище", о котором упоминается в писцовых книгах, при впадении в Упу речки Тулицы. Так что вполне возможно, что история Тулы началась еще в IX-XI веках, когда та была одним из маленьких укрепленных поселений.
А вот английский вариант:
Tula is one of the oldest cities in Russia. Its historic age is greater than that of Moscow. Since ancient times, this region was inhabited by the Slavic tribe Vyatichi. This is evidenced by the set of surviving mounds and mounds. Vyatichi hunted the same things, and many of their contemporaries: cultivated land, engaged in trade, commerce. During the first centuries of its existence, Tula was no different from other populated areas of the province. It was a small, fenced stockade settlement - the prison, located on an island at the confluence of the river Upa and Tulitsa.
Tula was first mentioned in Nikon's chronicle of the XVI century. Referring to the military action in 1146 in the story of how Novgorod-Seversky Prince to escape the militant brothers disappeared in the woods Vyatichi and then with the rest Ratiu went to collect tribute from Tula and other cities Nikon says: "Svyatoslav II of Kiev, the idea in Ryazan, and having been in Mtsensk and Tula, and Oaks, on the Don, and in Yelets and Pronsk, and come in Ryazan on Oka ". From this we can conclude that at the time the first mention of the city already existed, but have at least an approximate date of founding of the city impossible. It is likely that the origin of the settlement refers to the XI-XII centuries.
However, some historians, based on the fact that this mention is inserted into the text by later chroniclers made the XVI century, do not recognize a valid certificate. But they do not deny the existence of some settlements in the "old fort", which is mentioned in the scribe books, at the confluence of the river Upa Tulitsa. So it is quite possible that the history of Tula began in the IX-XI centuries, when it was one of the small fortified settlements.