Нужен перевод текста (): флаг российской федерации в конце 1980-х годов флаг россии стал одним из символов движения за реформы и против коммунистической идеологии. флагом рсфср устанавливалось прямоугольное полотнище с одинаковыми горизонтальными полосами: верхняя полоса белого цвета, средняя —синего и нижняя — красного цвета. 25 декабря 1991 года название государства «рсфср» было заменено на «российская федерация (россия)». официального значения цветов флага россии не существует, но принято считать, что: белый символизирует мир, чистоту, непорочность и совершенство (или свободу); синий символизирует постоянство, веру и верность (или богородицу); красный символизирует энергию, силу и кровь, пролитую за отечество (или самодержавие герб россии. герб россии — один из главных государственных символов россии, наряду с флагом и гимном. современный герб россии представляет собой золотого двухглавого орла на красном фоне. над головами орла изображены три короны, ныне символизирующие суверенитет как всей российской федерации, так и ее частей, субъектов федерации; в лапах — скипетр и держава, олицетворяющие государственную власть и единое государство; на груди — изображение всадника, поражающего копьем дракона. это один из древних символов борьбы добра со злом, света с тьмой, защиты отечества. первым достоверным свидетельством использования двуглавого орла в качестве государственной эмблемы является печать иоанна iii васильевича на меновой грамоте 1497 года. за время своего существования изображение двуглавого орла претерпевает многие изменения. в 1917 году орел перестал быть гербом россии. его символика показалась большевикам символом самодержавия, они не принимали во внимание то, что двуглавый орел был символом государственности. 30 ноября 1993 года президент россии борис ельцин подписал указ о государственном гербе. сейчас двуглавый орел, как и прежде, символизирует могущество и единство российского государства.

flag of the russian federationin the late 1980s, the historic russian flag has become a symbol of the reform movement and the communist ideology. the flag of the russian federation was set rectangular panel with equal horizontal stripes: the upper band of white, middle-blue and bottom - red. december 25, 1991 the name of the state "rsfsr" was changed to "the russian federation (russia)." official flag of russia, the color values do not exist, but it is assumed that:   white symbolizes peace, purity, purity and perfection (or freedom);   blue symbolizes constancy, faith and loyalty (or mary);   red symbolizes energy, strength and blood shed for their country (or autocracy).  russian coat of arms.emblem of russia - one of the main symbols of state of russia, along with the flag and the anthem. modern russian coat of arms is a golden double-headed eagle on a red background. above the heads of the eagle depicts three crowns, now symbolize sovereignty of the russian federation as a whole and its parts, the federation, in the legs - the scepter and orb, embodying the power of the state and one state, on the chest - the image of a horseman spearing a dragon. this is one of the oldest symbols of the struggle between good and evil, light and darkness, defending the homeland.the first reliable evidence of the use of the double-headed eagle as a national emblem is printed ivan iii on the exchange of literacy in 1497. during its existence, the two-headed eagle is undergoing many changes. in 1917, the eagle has ceased to be the emblem of russia. its symbolism seemed bolsheviks symbol of autocracy, they did not take into account the fact that the two-headed eagle was the symbol of russian statehood. november 30, 1993 russian president boris yeltsin signed a decree on the national emblem. now the two-headed eagle, as before, symbolizes the power and unity of the russian state.

flag of the russian federation

in the late 1980s, the historic russian flag has become a symbol of the reform movement and the communist ideology. the flag of the russian federation was set rectangular panel with equal horizontal stripes: the upper band of white, middle-blue and bottom - red. december 25, 1991 the name of the state "rsfsr" was changed to "the russian federation (russia)." official flag of russia, the color values do not exist, but it is assumed that:

white symbolizes peace, purity, purity and perfection (or freedom);

blue symbolizes constancy, faith and loyalty (or mary);

red symbolizes energy, strength and blood shed for their country (or autocracy).

 

 

russian coat of arms.

emblem of russia - one of the main symbols of state of russia, along with the flag and the anthem. modern russian coat of arms is a golden double-headed eagle on a red background. above the heads of the eagle depicts three crowns, now symbolize sovereignty of the russian federation as a whole and its parts, the federation, in the legs - the scepter and orb, embodying the power of the state and one state, on the chest - the image of a horseman spearing a dragon. this is one of the oldest symbols of the struggle between good and evil, light and darkness, defending the homeland.

the first reliable evidence of the use of the double-headed eagle as a national emblem is printed ivan iii on the exchange of literacy in 1497. during its existence, the two-headed eagle is undergoing many changes. in 1917, the eagle has ceased to be the emblem of russia. its symbolism seemed bolsheviks symbol of autocracy, they did not take into account the fact that the two-headed eagle was the symbol of russian statehood. november 30, 1993 russian president boris yeltsin signed a decree on the national emblem. now the two-headed eagle, as before, symbolizes the power and unity of the russian state.

)the oldest country in the world is iran, which was known as persia until 1934 2)the hunters got lost in the rocky mountains. 3)iceland is a volcanic island. 4)the highest peak in north america is mount mckineley. 5)they are planning to visit lake chad in north central africa during their holiday. 6)although australia is the smallest continent it is the largest island in the world. 7)europe extends from the  british isles in the  west towards the urals in the world. 8)the republic of ireland is a state in west europe. 9)the dead sea also called  the salt sea is a salt lake bordering jordan to the east and israel and the weat bank to the west. 10) tasmania, located southeast of  mainland australia, is a major tourist attraction due to its diverse and spectacular scenery, unspoilt wilderness and heritage.

twelve million children attend about 40.000 schools in britain. education in great britain is compulsory and free for all children between the ages of 5 and 16. there are many children who attend a nursery school from the age of 3, but it is not compulsory. in nursery schools they learn some elementary things such as numbers, colours, and letters. apart from that, babies play, have lunch and sleep there. whatever they do, there is always someone keeping an eye on them.

compulsory education begins at the age of 5 when children go to primary school. primary education lasts for 6 years. it is divided into two periods: infant schools (pupils from 5 to 7 years old) and junior schools (pupils from 7 to 11 years old). in infant schools children don't have real classes. they mostly play and learn through playing. it is the time when children just get acquainted with the classroom, the blackboard, desks and the teacher. but when pupils are 7, real studying begins. they don't already play so much as they did it in infant school. now they have real classes, when they sit at desks, read, write and answer the teacher's questions.

compulsory secondary education begins when children are 11 or 12 and lasts for 5 years. secondary school is traditionally divided into 5 forms: a form to each year. children study english, mathematics, science, history, art, geography, music, a foreign language and have lessons of physical training. religious education is also provided. english, mathematics and science are called "core" subjects. at the age of 7,11 and 14 pupils take examinations in the core subjects.

there are 3 types of state secondary schools in great britain. they are:

1) comprehensive schools, which take pupils of all abilities without exams. in such schools pupils are often put into certain sets or groups, which are formed according to their abilities for technical or humanitarian subjects. almost all senior pupils (around 90 per cent) go there;

2) grammar schools, which give secondary education of a very high standard. entrance is based on the test of ability, usually at 11. grammar schools are single sexed schools;

3) modern schools, which don't prepare pupils for universities. education in such schools gives good prospects for practical jobs.

after five years of secondary education, at the age of 16, pupils take the general certificate of secondary education (gcse) examination. when they are in the third or in the forth form, they begin to choose their exam subjects and prepare for them.

after finishing the fifth form pupils can make their choice: they may either leave school and go to a further education college or continue their education in the sixth form. those who stay at school after gcse, study for 2 more years for "a' (advanced) level exams in two or three subjects which is necessary to get a place at one of british universities.

there are also about 500 private schools in great britain. most of these schools are boarding ones, where children live as well as study. education in such schools is very expensive, that's why only 5 per cent of schoolchildren attend them. private schools are also called preparatory (for children up to 13 years old) and public schools (for pupils from 13 to 18 years old). any pupil can enter the best university of the country after leaving this school. the most famous british public schools are eton, harrow and winchester.

after leaving secondary school young people can apply to a university, a polytechnic or a college of further education.

there are 126 universities in britain. they are divided into 5 types:

the old ones, which were founded before the 19th century, such as oxford and cambridge;

the red brick, which were founded in the 19th or 20th century;

the plate glass, which were founded in 1960s;

the open university it is the only university offering extramural education. students learn subjects at home and then post ready exercises off to their tutors for marking;

the new ones. they are former polytechnic academies and colleges.

the best universities, in view of "the times" and "the guardian", are the university of oxford, the university of cambridge, london school of economics, london imperial college, london university college.

universities usually select students basing on their a-level results and an interview.

after three years of study a university graduate get the degree of a bachelor of arts, science or engineering. many students then continue their studies for a master's degree and then a doctor's degree (phd).