Сократите текст до пересказа) how the book was born. -a book is part thing and part thought. -when we open the book, we find ourselves in a silent wonderful world -we visit foreign shores, we discover hidden treasure, we travel among stars -man s thoughts and dreams are stored in books. -from the first books which were made by hand the book has come a long way. -at first man learnt to draw pictures, later alphabetic writing appeared. -for a long time papyrus, sheep and goat skins were used to write on. -centuries passed, then the chinese gave us paper. -to rome we owe the format of the book; to germany, the art of printing. -indeed, the book was born thanks to the genius and hard work of many people and nations . -long, long ago there were very few books because all books were written by hand with pen and ink. -some of the books were very beautiful, pictures were painted on each page. -it took a very long time to write books, often many years were spent to make one copy of a book. -this made books very expensive and a man who had 20 books was thought to be very rich. -at last men learned how to print. -in the middle of the 15th century a german named johann gutenberg cut pieces of wood into the shape of letters. -these letters were made into words, ink was put on them and then the words were pressed on a sheet of paper. -in this way words were printed on paper and a book was made the first man to print books in england was named william caxton. -he was a merchant; in germany he saw the new way to make books. -when he had found out all about it, he returned to london and began to print books himself. -the new books were cheap, so that many people could buy them -the man who invented the art of printing in russia is ivan fedorov( it was in the 16th century -ivan fedorov had his press in moscow, but his masters were against printing books and made him stop his work. -now that the people in our country are among the greatest readers in the world we remember the name of ivan fedorov and the year 1574 when his azbuka was printed. -ivan fedorov’s azbuka helped the people to learn the alphabet and taught them to read books. -the year of 1574 is the most important event in the cultural life of russia of the 16th century. -today we find it hard to imagine the bookless world of the past, hard to imagine the long way the book has come. -now even boys and girls at school have as many books as rich people used to have in the days before men learned to print.

how the book was born.

-ivan fedorov had his press in moscow, but his masters were against printing books and made him stop his work.-now that the people in our country are among the greatest readers in the world we remember the name of ivan fedorov and the year 1574 when his azbuka was printed. -ivan fedorov’s azbuka helped the people to learn the alphabet and taught them to read books.-the year of 1574 is the most important event in the cultural life of russia of the 16th century.-today we find it hard to imagine the bookless world of the past, hard to imagine the long way the book has come.-now even boys and girls at school have as many books as rich people used to have in the days before men learned to print.

Отрицательная форма1. nick isn't  watching t.v. now. 2. they aren't having dinner now 3. the students aren't answering their teacher's questions. 4. my daughter isn't playing the piano now 5. they aren't discussing the terms of delivery. 6. it isn't getting dark now. 7. it isn't getting cold now. 8. they aren't having an english lesson now. 9. our children aren't playing computer games now. вопросительная форма1. is  nick watching t.v. now? 2. are they having dinner now? 3. are the students answering their teacher's questions? 4. is my daughter playing the piano now? 5. are they discussing the terms of delivery? 6.  is it getting dark now? 7. is it getting cold now? 8. are they having an english lesson now? 9. are our children playing computer games now?

England is the largest and the richest country of great britain. the capital of england is london but there are other large industrial cities, such as birmingham, liverpool, manchester and other famous and interesting cities such as york, chester, oxford and cambridge. stonehenge is one of the most famous prehistoric places in the world. this ancient circle of stones stands in southwest england. it measures 80 metres across and made with massive blocks of stone up to four metres high. why it was built is a mystery. not far from stonehenge stands salisbury cathedral. it is a splendid example of an english gothic cathedral; inside there is one of four copies of magna charta and the oldest clock in england. chester is very important town in the north-west of england. in the past it used to be a roman fort; its name comes from the latin word castra, meaning "fortified camp". in chester there is a famous museum which contains over 5000 ancient and modern toys. oxford is the home of the oldest university of england. the most famous college is christ church. it has a great hall which was built during the reign of henry viii and its chapel has become the cathedral of oxford. cambridge is the home of britain's second oldest university. york was the capital of northern england. it is one of the best preserved medieval cities of europe. it was built by romans, conquered by anglo-saxons and ruled by the vikings. birmingham is often called the "city of 1,500 trades" because of the great variety of its industries. - самая большая и самая богатая страна ве­ликобритании. столица - лондон; но существуют и другие важные города, например бирмингем, ливерпуль и манчестер и другие известные и интересные города, такие как йорк, честер, оксфорд и кембридж. стоунхендж - одно из самых известных мест в мире. это древний круг из камней, находящийся на юго-востоке . его диаметр равняется 30 метрам, и сделан он из массивных каменных блоков до четырех метров высотой. почему он был построен - загадка. недалеко от стоунхенджа стоит солсберийский собор. это прекрасный пример готического собора; внутри него хранится одна из четырех копий великой хартии и самые старые часы . честер - важный город на северо-западе . в прошлом это был римский форт; название его происходит от латинского слова "castra", что означает "укрепленный лагерь". в честере находится знаменитый музей, в котором собрано более 5 000 древних и современных игрушек. оксфорд - это родина самого старого университета ан­глии. самый известный колледж - крайст черч. в нем сохранился холл, построенный во время правления генри­ха viii, а его часовня стала оксфордским собором. кембридж - родина второго самого старого британского университета. йорк был столицей северной . сейчас это один из наиболее сохранившихся средневековых городов европы. он был построен римлянами, завоеван и викингами. бирмингем часто называют "городом 1500 ремесел" из-за большого количества отраслей промышленности.