Задание 4. Заполнив схему, выявите взаимосвязь между кочевым и оседлым населением​

В16 веке-начало разложения общинного слоя. зарождение и развитие феодализма. появляется частная собственность на землю. крестьянство подразделяется на две группы-свободные общинники и крепостные. ос­нов­ны­ми фор­ма­ми зем­ле­вла­де­ния   были бо­яр­ская  вот­чи­на, мо­на­стыр­ское зем­ле­вла­де­ние. со вто­рой по­ло­ви­ны xvi в. рас­ши­ря­лось по­мест­ное зем­ле­вла­де­ние. го­су­дар­ство  ак­тив­но под­дер­жи­ва­ло по­мест­ное зем­ле­вла­де­ние и ак­тив­но раз­да­ва­ло земли по­ме­щи­кам, что при­ве­ло к рез­ко­му со­кра­ще­нию чер­но­сош­ных кре­стьян, пла­тив­ших по­да­ти и нес­ших по­вин­но­сти в поль­зу го­су­дар­ства. к этому вре­ме­ни они оста­ва­лись толь­ко на окра­и­нах — на се­ве­ре, в ка­ре­лии, си­би­ри и по­вол­жье.

if you go to school or university, you are faced with a number of exams. basically, these exams are supposed to test your knowledge and skills. also, they may motivate you to study harder.

in my opinion, it is really the case that  exams motivate students to study harder. firstly, exams are often a pass to a higher level of education. if you get good marks in examinations, you are admitted to further education. if you fail, you do not get the admittion. so, you make every effort to keep the right to study further. secondly, exams are a good way to assess your learning efficiency and detect possible gaps in your knowledge. bad marks mean that your knowledge is flawed and you need to be more disciplined and work harder to do away with the flaws.

but there are people who believe that examinations do not give real motivation to a student. they say that being a good student with excellent marks does not guarantee future prosperity.

nevertheless, i cannot assent to the foregoing opinion, because being a good student is the beginning of being a good employee or worker who can earn a good living. highly qualified professionals are always in great demand in any business sector.

in conclusion, exams play an important part in our life, although any exam is a kind of pain. but the saying is: no pain, no gain!