In order to prevent cross-infection it is essential to kill all the microorganisms on infected instruments. this process is known as sterilization and means the killing of all microorganisms : bacteria, spores, fungi and viruses. it is carried immediately after completion of treatment so that all instruments are sterile again before use on the next patient. countless numbers of microorganisms live on the skin and in the mouth, nose and throat. normally they do no harm to their host as they are living on an external surface and not among delicate internal cells. however, they, may become harmful if they are introduced inside the body tissues, or are transferred from one person to another. this can occur when the tissues are penetrated by a contaminated forceps blade, sealer or syringe needle, and may give rise to a harmful reaction. after each patient has left the surgery, it is the nurse's duty to see that all instruments, are properly sterilized before being used, again for another patient. as already mentioned, sterilization means killing not only bacteria and fungi, but all other microorganisms, including viruses and bacterial spores. any method which kills bacteria and fungi but allows some spores or viruses to survive cannot be called sterilization. the term used for this restricted range of action is disinfection. 1. найти в тексте все имеющиеся причастия настоящего и времени и герундий. 2. найти и выписать предложения, содержащие страдательный залог. 3. определить видео-временную форму глаголов в 1 и 2 предложениях 2 абзаца. 4. ответить на вопросы: - what is known as sterilization and what does it mean? - where do countless numbers of microorganisms live? - when don't microorganisms harm to their host? - when do they become harmful? - what is the nurse's duty?

1. Причастия настоящего времени:
- preventing
- killing
- carrying
- completing
- living
- transferring
- giving
- being
- calling
- killing
- allowing

Герундий:
- preventing
- killing
- completing
- being

2. Предложения, содержащие страдательный залог:
- "this process is known as sterilization"
- "it is carried immediately after completion of treatment"
- "they may become harmful if they are introduced inside the body tissues"
- "this can occur when the tissues are penetrated by a contaminated forceps blade, sealer or syringe needle"
- "it is the nurse's duty to see that all instruments are properly sterilized before being used"

3. Видео-временная форма глаголов в первом и втором предложениях второго абзаца:
- First sentence: "live" - настоящее время
- Second sentence: "do no harm", "are living", "are transferred" - настоящее время

4. Ответы на вопросы:
- "Sterilization" is the process of killing all microorganisms on infected instruments, including bacteria, spores, fungi, and viruses. It is essential to prevent cross-infection and ensure the instruments are sterile before using them on the next patient.
- Countless numbers of microorganisms live on the skin and in the mouth, nose, and throat.
- Microorganisms don't harm their host when they are living on an external surface and not among delicate internal cells.
- Microorganisms become harmful when they are introduced inside the body tissues or are transferred from one person to another.
- The nurse's duty is to ensure that all instruments are properly sterilized before being used on another patient.